Forest road network is one of the most important forest management projects, that plays a great role in timber transportation as well as other forest services such as tourism, hunting, etc. Essentially water accumulation on forest roads can be the main reason for road destruction through erosion and decrease of road strength. Generally forest roads are constructed in humid and rainy zones where water is one of the most important factors in their erosion, therefore DRAINAGE is important for decreasing the destructive effects.The results in this research indicate that, DRAINAGE pipe diameter in talwegs could be estimated by considering discharge in talwegs, rain intensity, runoff coefficient, area and hydrological conditions.Pipe diameter for conducting road canal water is determined on the basis of canal bed susceptibility to surface erosion, canal CROSS section and discharge. Road location on the foothill, slope length, and water discharge play the main role in determining the distance between pipes, the more the height of road, the more will be the distance between pipes.

The traditional method for studying non-stationary signals is spectrogram based on the short-time Fourier transform (STFT). The well known limitation of the STFT is the inherent trade-off between time and frequency resolution. The Wigner-Ville (WV) distribution has the best time-frequency resolution, but its draw back is generating CROSS-terms. The matching pursuit (MP) distribution based on using the Gaussian atom is always positive, does not include CROSSterm, and has convenient resolution. In this paper, we have shown in addition to the known properties, the MP distribution can also remove the additive noise inherently. On the other words, we are able to remove the noise just by limiting the algorithm iterations and without paying any additional cost. Although the MP distribution based on using the Gaussian atoms is always positive and it has convenient resolution, according to the MP the time marginal and the frequency marginal will not be obtained accurately. In this paper, it has been shown that by implementing the minimum CROSS entropy (MCE) technique according to the MP distribution as a priory positive distribution, the new extracted distribution has the most similarity to the MP distribution and it also satisfies the correct time and frequency marginal.

Construction of forest roads disorders the natural trend of water movement. It is vital to make ditch and CROSS LINE DRAINAGE culvert to prevent the area from being destroyed and conduct the water of streems and vallies. Determination of culvert diameters depends on the information of area discharge, physiographic characteristic, vegetation cover and site land use. In order to determine the amount of sub basin water discharge and the diameters of CROSS culvert in forest roads, for DRAINAGE operation and preventing from land destruction, a study has been carried out in Zalemrood watershed area in 27 sub areas which were created using Arc view software. The flow intensity of each sub area has been calculated as foot cube per second, using curve number method (CN) with time intervals of 25 year. Then the diameter of each sub area culvert was achieved, using cement culvert diameter determination graph. The results show the dimensions of the culverts were different from 38 to 156 centimeters. To achieve the best culvert dimension in mountainous area, the culverts sub area with diameter less than 60 centimeter were combined together so that the best diameter can be achieved for each sub area. Thus, according to the results, in some sub basins the diameter of the available culverts were not equal to the calculated diameters of culverts and need to be increased or decreased, which leads to decrease in the costs of culverting and fixing the roads having improper culverts.

Introduction: Effective plaque removal is an important factor in the long-term clinical success of dental implants. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of a powered toothbrush (Power CROSS-Action) and a manual toothbrush (CROSS-Action) in the control of plaque and soft tissue inflammation around implants supporting mandibular overdentures.Materials and Methods: This study was a CROSS-over clinical trial. The subjects included 10 edentulous subjects, aged 47-73 years, with removable mandibular overdentures supported by 2 unsplinted implants, all the subjects wore maxillary complete dentures. The study consisted of two 4-week phases separated by a 2-week interval. In each phase each subject randomly used one toothbrush type. Two days prior to each phase, the implants were polished. Plaque and bleeding indices were recorded before and after brushing. Data was analyzed by t-test using SPSS software (a=0.05).Results: Both toothbrushes reduced the indices under study. Means of plaque index decreases were 0.5 in manual toothbrush and 0.44 in powered toothbrush. Means of bleeding index decreases were 0.27 in manual toothbrush and 0.3 in powered toothbrush. There were no statistically significant differences between the two toothbrush types in changing plaque index (p value=0.88) and bleeding index (p value=0.91).Conclusion: Both toothbrushes were efficient in plaque control around implants which supported mandibular overdentures and there was no difference between them. Patients can use one of these toothbrushes depending on personal preference and comfort.